{"id":63475,"date":"2021-08-31T12:34:49","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T07:04:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/"},"modified":"2022-12-13T17:54:01","modified_gmt":"2022-12-13T12:24:01","slug":"particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/","title":{"rendered":"O QUE \u00c9 MAT\u00c9RIA PARTICULAR PM2.5? FONTES | IMPACTOS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #161616;color:#161616\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #161616;color:#161616\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#O_que_e_material_particulado_PM25\" >O que \u00e9 material particulado PM2.5?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#Fatores_para_Maior_Concentracao_de_PM25\" >Fatores para Maior Concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#FONTES_DE_PARTICULAS_PM25_NO_AMBIENTE\" >FONTES DE PART\u00cdCULAS PM2.5 NO AMBIENTE<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#1_Fontes_naturais\" >1. Fontes naturais<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#2_Industrias_e_estacoes_de_tratamento\" >2. Ind\u00fastrias e esta\u00e7\u00f5es de tratamento<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#3_Emissoes\" >3. Emiss\u00f5es<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#4_Atividades_domesticas_e_habitos_pessoais\" >4. Atividades dom\u00e9sticas e h\u00e1bitos pessoais<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#IMPACTOS_DO_MATERIA_PARTICULAR_PM25\" >IMPACTOS DO MAT\u00c9RIA PARTICULAR (PM2.5)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#A_Impactos_de_PM25_no_meio_ambiente\" >A. Impactos de PM2.5 no meio ambiente<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#1_Producao_de_neblina\" >1. Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de neblina<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#2_Fertilidade_do_solo\" >2. Fertilidade do solo<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#3_Ciclo_de_nutrientes\" >3. Ciclo de nutrientes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#4_fotossintese_vegetal\" >4. fotoss\u00edntese vegetal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#5_Deposicao_em_corpos_dagua\" >5. Deposi\u00e7\u00e3o em corpos d&#8217;\u00e1gua<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#6_Ecossistemas_perturbadores\" >6. Ecossistemas perturbadores<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#B_Impactos_de_PM25_na_saude_humana\" >B. Impactos de PM2.5 na sa\u00fade humana<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#1_Penetracao_no_sistema_respiratorio\" >1. Penetra\u00e7\u00e3o no sistema respirat\u00f3rio<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#2_Aumento_de_hospitalizacoes_e_absenteismo\" >2. Aumento de hospitaliza\u00e7\u00f5es e absente\u00edsmo<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#3_efeitos_malignos\" >3. efeitos malignos<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#4_Cornea_e_conjuntiva_humana\" >4. C\u00f3rnea e conjuntiva humana<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#5_Antioxidantes_reduzidos\" >5. Antioxidantes reduzidos<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#6_Especies_de_ROS_aumentadas\" >6. Esp\u00e9cies de ROS aumentadas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#7_Atividades_metabolicas_reduzidas\" >7. Atividades metab\u00f3licas reduzidas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#8_Outros_efeitos_relacionados_a_saude\" >8. Outros efeitos relacionados \u00e0 sa\u00fade<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#22_cidades_indianas_das_30_cidades_mais_poluidas_do_mundo_sao\" >22 cidades indianas das 30 cidades mais polu\u00eddas do mundo s\u00e3o<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#ADICAO_DE_QUEIMA_DE_RESTAULO_A_CONCENTRACAO_DE_MATERIA_PARTICULAR_EM_DELI\" >ADI\u00c7\u00c3O DE QUEIMA DE RESTAULO \u00c0 CONCENTRA\u00c7\u00c3O DE MAT\u00c9RIA PARTICULAR EM DELI<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#Emissoes_de_restolho_queimado\" >Emiss\u00f5es de restolho queimado:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#MEDIDAS_PARA_REDUZIR_AS_PARTICULAS_25\" >MEDIDAS PARA REDUZIR AS PART\u00cdCULAS 2.5<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"O_que_e_material_particulado_PM25\"><\/span>O que \u00e9 material particulado PM2.5?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Se falamos de qualidade do ar, a \u00cdndia atingiu um estado alarmante. O aumento de PM2.5 afeta a qualidade do ar, o meio ambiente e a sa\u00fade humana. O relat\u00f3rio recente da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial da Sa\u00fade mostrou que 8.0 milh\u00f5es de mortes por ano s\u00e3o observadas devido \u00e0 m\u00e1 qualidade do ar. Isso representa 6.7% da carga global de doen\u00e7as que podem estar relacionadas ao material particulado. A exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao oz\u00f4nio registrou 1.52 milh\u00e3o de mortes prematuras.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fatores_para_Maior_Concentracao_de_PM25\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Fatores para Maior Concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A combina\u00e7\u00e3o de part\u00edculas s\u00f3lidas suspensas e got\u00edculas l\u00edquidas no ar forma o material particulado. Ele tamb\u00e9m cont\u00e9m poeira e fuligem. O PM2.5 \u00e9 uma part\u00edcula inal\u00e1vel ultrafina com um di\u00e2metro de 2.5 micr\u00f4metros e pode penetrar profundamente nos pulm\u00f5es, causando doen\u00e7as e doen\u00e7as respirat\u00f3rias. Tamb\u00e9m compreende metais e \u00edons de metais pesados \u200b\u200b(c\u00e1dmio, n\u00edquel, pot\u00e1ssio, cobre), compostos org\u00e2nicos e inorg\u00e2nicos, al\u00e9rgenos, muitos compostos microbianos e hidrocarbonetos arom\u00e1ticos polic\u00edclicos (PAHs).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O aumento da temperatura do ar durante o inverno e as invers\u00f5es atmosf\u00e9ricas no hemisf\u00e9rio norte aumentam a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5 no ar. Durante o ver\u00e3o, massas de ar estacion\u00e1rias, inc\u00eandios florestais e forma\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria de aeross\u00f3is aumentam a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">No norte da \u00cdndia, v\u00e1rios fatores contribuem para aumentar a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de material particulado. Fatores f\u00edsicos, qu\u00edmicos e meteorol\u00f3gicos afetam a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de pm no meio ambiente. Fatores f\u00edsicos e qu\u00edmicos, incluindo tamanho, n\u00famero, densidade e concentra\u00e7\u00e3o na atmosfera das part\u00edculas, afetam a mobilidade (movimento) das part\u00edculas. Al\u00e9m disso, fatores meteorol\u00f3gicos como velocidade e dire\u00e7\u00e3o do vento e condi\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas, como chuvas, afetam os processos de transporte e o destino do PM no meio ambiente.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"624\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1.png\" alt=\"size of pm2.5\" class=\"wp-image-23824\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1.png 800w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1-768x599.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">No ver\u00e3o, a energia residencial contribui com 62% para a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5 e 70% para o inverno. Experimentos de pesquisa mostraram que a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o aumenta \u00e0 noite. A \u00cdndia relatou 60 ug\/m3 e 40 ug\/m3 como concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de PM2.5 de 24 horas e anuais, respectivamente.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FONTES_DE_PARTICULAS_PM25_NO_AMBIENTE\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">FONTES DE PART\u00cdCULAS PM2.5 NO AMBIENTE<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A presen\u00e7a e surgimento de PM2.5 no meio ambiente ainda s\u00e3o discut\u00edveis. As fontes s\u00e3o a origem por onde esse poluente entra no meio ambiente.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Fontes_naturais\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>1. Fontes naturais<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">V\u00e1rios eventos naturais, como chuva e escoamento superficial, afetam a mobilidade do PM 2.5. A \u00e1gua da chuva lava o poluente e muda seu destino no meio ambiente. Inc\u00eandios florestais, erup\u00e7\u00f5es vulc\u00e2nicas e calamidades naturais, como terremotos, levam a um aumento na concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de material particulado. Possui uma taxa reduzida de descida atmosf\u00e9rica, o que aumenta seu tempo de perman\u00eancia no ambiente.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Industrias_e_estacoes_de_tratamento\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. Ind\u00fastrias e esta\u00e7\u00f5es de tratamento<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Processos de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos na ind\u00fastria de celulose, refinarias de petr\u00f3leo, olarias, usinas el\u00e9tricas e esta\u00e7\u00f5es de tratamento de res\u00edduos municipais liberam PM 2.5 no meio ambiente.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"694\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5.png\" alt=\"sources of pm2.5\" class=\"wp-image-23804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5.png 801w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5-300x260.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5-768x665.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Emissoes\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>3. Emiss\u00f5es<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Emiss\u00f5es de ve\u00edculos, combust\u00e3o de carv\u00e3o, queima de folhas e madeiras, atividades agr\u00edcolas, queima de restolho, queima de biomassa e queima de biocombust\u00edveis levam ao aumento da concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de particulados. As emiss\u00f5es gasosas das usinas reagem na atmosfera e formam material particulado.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Atividades_domesticas_e_habitos_pessoais\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>4. Atividades dom\u00e9sticas e h\u00e1bitos pessoais<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O PM 2.5 tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 liberado do tabagismo, queima de velas, atividades culin\u00e1rias como refogar, fritar, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o irregular de chamin\u00e9s de cozinha, aquecedores a querosene, fog\u00f5es a g\u00e1s, opera\u00e7\u00e3o de lareiras, etc. Al\u00e9m disso, as atividades de constru\u00e7\u00e3o aumentam a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IMPACTOS_DO_MATERIA_PARTICULAR_PM25\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>IMPACTOS DO MAT\u00c9RIA PARTICULAR (PM2.5)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Impactos_de_PM25_no_meio_ambiente\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;\">A. Impactos de PM2.5 no meio ambiente<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O material particulado n\u00e3o afeta apenas a sa\u00fade humana, mas tamb\u00e9m o meio ambiente. O impacto ambiental do PM2.5 \u00e9 visto como redu\u00e7\u00e3o da visibilidade, chuva \u00e1cida, aumento da polui\u00e7\u00e3o do ar, danos materiais, danos ao ecossistema, funcionamento reduzido de plantas e \u00e1rvores, riachos e oceanos contaminados e diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da produtividade e rendimento das culturas. Sua dispers\u00e3o \u00e9 f\u00e1cil devido ao tamanho e faz com que mude seu destino ambiental.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Producao_de_neblina\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">1. Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de neblina<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">A n\u00e9voa reduz a visibilidade e aumenta as chances de acidentes rodovi\u00e1rios. O material particulado deixa uma mancha que afeta o ambiente materialista, como edif\u00edcios, est\u00e1tuas, monumentos, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Fertilidade_do_solo\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">2. Fertilidade do solo<\/span><br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica diferente do material particulado mostra efeitos diferentes. Tamb\u00e9m afeta a fertilidade do solo, levando a uma redu\u00e7\u00e3o no rendimento das culturas e na produtividade agr\u00edcola.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Ciclo_de_nutrientes\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">3. Ciclo de nutrientes<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O material particulado interfere na ciclagem de nutrientes afetando a rizosfera.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-23815 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment.jpg\" alt=\"impact of PM2.5 on environment\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_fotossintese_vegetal\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">4. fotoss\u00edntese vegetal<\/span><br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">As part\u00edculas finas, quando assentadas sobre as folhas, bloqueiam a penetra\u00e7\u00e3o da luz solar nas folhas e interrompem o processo de fotoss\u00edntese da planta. A gera\u00e7\u00e3o de abras\u00f5es e calor radiativo afeta a fotoss\u00edntese das plantas devido \u00e0 estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5 sobre as folhas. Isso reduz o alcance do fluxo de f\u00f3tons em dire\u00e7\u00e3o aos tecidos fotossint\u00e9ticos.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Deposicao_em_corpos_dagua\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">5. Deposi\u00e7\u00e3o em corpos d&#8217;\u00e1gua<\/span><br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O assentamento de metais pesados \u200b\u200bt\u00f3xicos contendo PM2.5 em corpos d&#8217;\u00e1gua, incluindo riachos e oceanos, afeta os ecossistemas marinhos e aqu\u00e1ticos. V\u00e1rias formas de vida aqu\u00e1tica morrem devido \u00e0 sua toler\u00e2ncia \u00e1cida reduzida. Isso tamb\u00e9m afeta os seres humanos quando eles incluem alimentos aqu\u00e1ticos contaminados em sua dieta.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Ecossistemas_perturbadores\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><strong>6. Ecossistemas perturbadores<\/strong><\/span><br><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O material particulado tamb\u00e9m perturba a cadeia alimentar e a teia alimentar no ecossistema por causa de suas depend\u00eancias compartilhadas, diferentes toler\u00e2ncias \u00e0 toxicidade e efeitos associados. Sua concentra\u00e7\u00e3o afetando o ecossistema tem liga\u00e7\u00f5es diretas com as mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Impactos_de_PM25_na_saude_humana\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">B. Impactos de PM2.5 na sa\u00fade humana<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Em estudos epidemiol\u00f3gicos, os efeitos graves \u00e0 sa\u00fade est\u00e3o associados a part\u00edculas com di\u00e2metro de 2.5 m\u00edcrons. Os efeitos do material particulado no corpo humano dependem da dura\u00e7\u00e3o e concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de sua exposi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Os efeitos do PM2.5 na sa\u00fade diferem por faixa et\u00e1ria, sexo e ra\u00e7a. Estudos e pesquisas mostram que pessoas brancas, crian\u00e7as e mulheres s\u00e3o altamente suscet\u00edveis a serem afetadas quando expostas a ela.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution.png\" alt=\"health impacts of pm2.5\" class=\"wp-image-23740\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution-1024x853.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution-768x640.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Penetracao_no_sistema_respiratorio\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>1. Penetra\u00e7\u00e3o no sistema respirat\u00f3rio<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Os materiais particulados t\u00eam a tend\u00eancia de transportar consigo materiais t\u00f3xicos devido ao seu di\u00e2metro reduzido e \u00e1rea de superf\u00edcie aumentada. O PM de pequeno tamanho escapa facilmente pelas narinas e penetra profundamente em dire\u00e7\u00e3o aos br\u00f4nquios e alv\u00e9olos, corroendo a parede alveolar nos pulm\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Segundo a OMS, em 2016, foram registradas 4,2 milh\u00f5es de mortes prematuras devido \u00e0 exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao PM2,5.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Aumento_de_hospitalizacoes_e_absenteismo\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. Aumento de hospitaliza\u00e7\u00f5es e absente\u00edsmo<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao PM2.5 aumenta as hospitaliza\u00e7\u00f5es, as idas ao pronto-socorro e o absente\u00edsmo em escolas e escrit\u00f3rios, principalmente em casos de doen\u00e7as pr\u00e9-existentes, idosos e crian\u00e7as. O material particulado causa pneumonia e bronquite.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_efeitos_malignos\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>3. efeitos malignos<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao material particulado 2.5 mostra efeitos malignos no in\u00edcio da vida, incluindo dist\u00farbios respirat\u00f3rios, cardiovasculares e pr\u00e9-natais. Isso eleva as chances de mortalidade infantil.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Cornea_e_conjuntiva_humana\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>4. C\u00f3rnea e conjuntiva humana<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 alta concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5 leva a queima\u00e7\u00e3o, coceira e vermelhid\u00e3o dos olhos, conjuntivite al\u00e9rgica. Estudos de laborat\u00f3rio mostram que reduz a sobreviv\u00eancia das c\u00e9lulas epiteliais da c\u00f3rnea humana (HCEC) ao desencadear a autofagia celular. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 respons\u00e1vel pelo encolhimento celular.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Antioxidantes_reduzidos\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>5. Antioxidantes reduzidos<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O material particulado reduz os antioxidantes no corpo humano. O estresse oxidativo induzido por \u00edons hidroxila danifica o DNA. Teratog\u00eanese, mutag\u00eanese e carcinog\u00eanese s\u00e3o induzidas por DNA danificado quando n\u00e3o \u00e9 reparado a tempo.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Especies_de_ROS_aumentadas\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>6. Esp\u00e9cies de ROS aumentadas<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A superprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies reativas de oxig\u00eanio (ROS) diminui o funcionamento antioxidante das c\u00e9lulas, levando \u00e0 peroxida\u00e7\u00e3o lip\u00eddica na membrana celular e elevando os n\u00edveis intracelulares de c\u00e1lcio (Ca2+). Os radicais livres de PM2.5 induziram a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de radicais livres para oxidar as c\u00e9lulas pulmonares e podem ser a principal causa de les\u00f5es corporais causadas pela peroxida\u00e7\u00e3o de radicais livres.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Atividades_metabolicas_reduzidas\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>7. Atividades metab\u00f3licas reduzidas<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O PM2.5 desencadeia a superexpress\u00e3o de citocinas relacionadas \u00e0 inflama\u00e7\u00e3o, autofagia e genes de fatores de transcri\u00e7\u00e3o, causando les\u00f5es inflamat\u00f3rias nas c\u00e9lulas. O material particulado aumenta a ades\u00e3o patog\u00eanica e diminui a atividade antimicrobiana, microflora nativa, macr\u00f3fagos alveolares e c\u00e9lulas assassinas naturais.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Outros_efeitos_relacionados_a_saude\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>8. Outros efeitos relacionados \u00e0 sa\u00fade<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PM 2.5 causa dist\u00farbios cerebrovasculares, sa\u00fade mental, espirros, tosse, irrita\u00e7\u00e3o nos olhos, nariz e garganta, alergias de pele, <a href=\"\/?p=56273\">asma<\/a>, Dist\u00farbio Cardiovascular Obstrutivo Pulmonar (DPOC), sufocamento, arritmia card\u00edaca, c\u00e2ncer, genotoxicidade, c\u00e2ncer e inflama\u00e7\u00e3o. Estudos mostram que pode at\u00e9 causar diabetes mellitus, redu\u00e7\u00e3o do peso ao nascer e mortes prematuras. Causa doen\u00e7as cardiovasculares e pulmonares levando ao aumento da mortalidade e morbidade.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_cidades_indianas_das_30_cidades_mais_poluidas_do_mundo_sao\"><\/span>22 cidades indianas das 30 cidades mais polu\u00eddas do mundo s\u00e3o<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">As atividades de constru\u00e7\u00e3o, o n\u00famero de autom\u00f3veis (que aumenta com o aumento da popula\u00e7\u00e3o), a industrializa\u00e7\u00e3o e a urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o nas \u00e1reas metropolitanas asi\u00e1ticas contribuem amplamente para a polui\u00e7\u00e3o PM2.5.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Segundo a OMS, 91% das pessoas vivem em locais com \u00edndice de qualidade do ar superior aos padr\u00f5es prescritos. 91% das mortes prematuras ocorrem em pa\u00edses de baixa e m\u00e9dia renda.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>De acordo com um artigo publicado no Lancet Planetary Health pela India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative, 18% do total de mortes na \u00cdndia foram devido \u00e0 polui\u00e7\u00e3o do ar em 2019.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>O estudo de coorte da American Cancer Society mostrou um aumento de 15-27% na mortalidade por c\u00e2ncer de pulm\u00e3o com um aumento de 10ug\/m3 na concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de PM2.5.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>De acordo com um relat\u00f3rio recente de 2021 divulgado pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Su\u00ed\u00e7a, 22 cidades indianas ocupam o posto entre as 30 cidades mais polu\u00eddas do mundo.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2001\" height=\"1251\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india.png\" alt=\"most polluted cities in india\" class=\"wp-image-23769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india.png 2001w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-1024x640.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-1536x960.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2001px) 100vw, 2001px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghaziabad ficou em segundo lugar com 106,6 ug\/m3 de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dia anual de Mat\u00e9ria Particulada 2,5 depois de Hotan, China. Outras cidades indianas que garantiram classifica\u00e7\u00f5es foram Bulandshahr, Bisrakh, Jalalpur, Bhiwadi, Noida, Greater Noida, Kanpur, Lucknow, Delhi, Faridabad, Meerut, Hisar, Jind, Haryana, Agra, Fatehabad, Muzaffarnagar, Muzaffarpur, Gurgaon, Bandhwari, Yamuna Nagar, Rohtak e Dharuhera. A maioria dessas cidades fica nos estados do norte da \u00cdndia de Uttar Pradesh, Haryana e Rajasthan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ADICAO_DE_QUEIMA_DE_RESTAULO_A_CONCENTRACAO_DE_MATERIA_PARTICULAR_EM_DELI\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ADI\u00c7\u00c3O DE QUEIMA DE RESTAULO \u00c0 CONCENTRA\u00c7\u00c3O DE MAT\u00c9RIA PARTICULAR EM DELI<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A regi\u00e3o norte da \u00cdndia cai na plan\u00edcie indo-gang\u00e9tica. O per\u00edodo pr\u00e9-mon\u00e7\u00e3o (abril a maio) e p\u00f3s-mon\u00e7\u00e3o (outubro a novembro) \u00e9 quando os residentes do norte da \u00cdndia sofrem forte polui\u00e7\u00e3o do ar. Em 2020, Nair M. et al relataram a \u00cdndia como o segundo maior contribuinte de emiss\u00f5es de aerossol apenas por causa da queima de restolho. A queima de restolho e sua associa\u00e7\u00e3o com emiss\u00f5es de transporte t\u00eam impactos diretos e indiretos tanto na sa\u00fade humana quanto nas mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas. No ano de 2019, o valor do \u00cdndice de Qualidade do Ar (AQI) em Delhi foi registrado em 487. Ghaziabad registrou 493, enquanto na Grande Noida foi de 480, o que tem um impacto mortal e perigoso na sa\u00fade humana.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A queima de restolho \u00e9 a queima de restolho de palha da colheita de arroz e trigo e \u00e9 perigosa para Delhi e seus residentes. A queima de restolho causa aumento da concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de material particulado no ar atmosf\u00e9rico, que pode penetrar profundamente nos pulm\u00f5es, aumentando as chances de c\u00e2ncer de pulm\u00e3o em 36%.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A \u00cdndia compartilha 26.2% do total global de Anos de Vida Ajustados por Incapacidade (DALY). Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh e Rajasthan do norte da \u00cdndia relataram o maior DALY. Um relat\u00f3rio do Banco Mundial mostrou que a queima de biomassa contribui para 9-28% de PM2.5 em Delhi, 23-29% em Mumbai, 24% em Chandigarh e 37-70% em Calcut\u00e1. As part\u00edculas liberadas da queima de restolho ficam estagnadas a 2 km de altura acima da regi\u00e3o de restolho e essas part\u00edculas s\u00e3o dispersadas pelo vento para alturas mais altas a 3,000 m em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao lado de Delhi. A estagna\u00e7\u00e3o dessas part\u00edculas pode ser devido \u00e0 redu\u00e7\u00e3o da velocidade e dire\u00e7\u00e3o do vento.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Emissoes_de_restolho_queimado\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Emiss\u00f5es de restolho queimado:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Com a queima da palha, s\u00e3o liberados mon\u00f3xido de carbono (CO), di\u00f3xido de carbono (CO2), \u00f3xidos de nitrog\u00eanio (NOx), \u00f3xidos de enxofre (SOx), metano (CH4) e PM10 e PM2.5. Todos os anos, na \u00cdndia, s\u00e3o geradas 342 TM de restolho, das quais 34% e 22% s\u00e3o produzidas por arroz e trigo, respectivamente. 23.86% de 342 MT s\u00e3o queimados imediatamente ap\u00f3s a colheita em campos abertos.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning.jpg\" alt=\"stubble burning\" class=\"wp-image-23738\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning-1024x853.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning-768x640.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O relat\u00f3rio do IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) mostrou que a cada ano 14 MT de 22 MT de restolho de arroz s\u00e3o queimados. Haryana e Punjab s\u00e3o respons\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bpor 48% da queima total de restolho de arroz. Em 2011, Sahai et al relataram que a queima de 63 MT de restolho \u00e9 respons\u00e1vel por 3.4 MT de CO, 0.1 MT de NOx, 91 MT de CO2, 0.6 MT de CH4 e 1.2 MT de material particulado lan\u00e7ado no ar.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">46.5% do aumento na queima de restolho foi relatado pelo Economic Times de Punjab e uma redu\u00e7\u00e3o de 28.6% de Haryana. Em 2019, Punjab relatou 52,225 inc\u00eandios ativos de queima de restolho, que aumentaram em 24,312 inc\u00eandios em 2020, totalizando 76,537 inc\u00eandios ativos. Isso leva a um aumento na concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de material particulado.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MEDIDAS_PARA_REDUZIR_AS_PARTICULAS_25\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>MEDIDAS PARA REDUZIR AS PART\u00cdCULAS 2.5<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Toda e qualquer contribui\u00e7\u00e3o conta quando se trata de reduzir a polui\u00e7\u00e3o. Existem algumas medidas que os indiv\u00edduos podem adotar para reduzir a polui\u00e7\u00e3o PM2.5.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Se voc\u00ea fuma, pare de fumar porque aumenta o material particulado em 2.5 concentra\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Evite a queima cont\u00ednua de madeira, velas e lareiras.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">N\u00e3o use aspiradores sem filtros HEPA.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Evite usar transporte pessoal todas as vezes e planeje muitas viagens<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Mudar para fontes de energia renov\u00e1veis \u200b\u200be limpas em uso dom\u00e9stico, nomeadamente energia solar e e\u00f3lica.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dar uso de geradores em casas uma falta.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Desligar os ve\u00edculos ao aguardar no sinal vermelho.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Pare de fazer reformas e constru\u00e7\u00f5es desnecess\u00e1rias nas casas.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Um passo importante para reduzir o material particulado \u00e9 parar a queima do restolho. Em vez disso, o restolho, quando manejado adequadamente, pode trazer v\u00e1rios benef\u00edcios econ\u00f4micos. O restolho produzido ap\u00f3s a colheita tem a capacidade de aumentar a fertilidade do solo. Assim, sua aplica\u00e7\u00e3o tornar\u00e1 o solo mais f\u00e9rtil. A palha \u00e9 uma boa fonte de energia e pode ser aplicada em usinas de energia. A mat\u00e9ria-prima \u00e0 base de restolho \u00e9 ben\u00e9fica na ind\u00fastria de papel e celulose. No biocombust\u00edvel, a palha da produ\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 utilizada como biomassa. Restolho \u00e9 f\u00e1cil de converter em composto ou biochar.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Um estudo realizado por Upadhyay A. et al em 2018 mostrou que as emiss\u00f5es dos setores de transporte, industrial e de energia, quando mitigadas completamente, salvam 92.380 vidas prematuras. As emiss\u00f5es dos setores residenciais, quando totalmente mitigadas, podem salvar 378.295 vidas. Isso representa 95% dos intervalos de incerteza.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O que \u00e9 material particulado PM2.5? Se falamos de qualidade do ar, a \u00cdndia atingiu um estado alarmante. O aumento&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3415,"featured_media":63477,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[400,398],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-air-pollution-pt-pt","category-air-quality-pt-pt"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 o material particulado PM2.5? | FONTES E IMPACTOS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O aumento do material particulado PM2.5 impacta o meio ambiente e a sa\u00fade humana. 8.0 milh\u00f5es de mortes por ano s\u00e3o vistas devido \u00e0 m\u00e1 qualidade do ar.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/pt-pt\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O QUE \u00c9 MAT\u00c9RIA PARTICULAR PM2.5? 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