{"id":23732,"date":"2021-08-31T12:34:49","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T07:04:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/?p=23732"},"modified":"2022-12-13T16:01:43","modified_gmt":"2022-12-13T10:31:43","slug":"particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/","title":{"rendered":"WHAT IS PM2.5 PARTICULATE MATTER? SOURCES | IMPACTS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #161616;color:#161616\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #161616;color:#161616\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#What_is_PM25_Particulate_Matter\" >What is PM2.5 Particulate Matter?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#Factors_for_Increased_PM25_Concentration\" >Factors for Increased PM2.5 Concentration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#_SOURCES_OF_PARTICULATE_MATTER_PM25_IN_THE_ENVIRONMENT\" >&nbsp;SOURCES OF PARTICULATE MATTER PM2.5 IN THE ENVIRONMENT<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#1_Natural_Sources\" >1. Natural Sources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#2_Industries_and_treatment_plants\" >2. Industries and treatment plants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#3_Emissions\" >3. Emissions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#4_Household_activities_and_personal_habits\" >4. Household activities and personal habits<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#IMPACTS_OF_PARTICULATE_MATTER_PM25\" >IMPACTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#A_Impacts_of_PM25_on_the_environment\" >A. Impacts of PM2.5 on the environment<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#1_Haze_production\" >1. Haze production<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#2_Soil_fertility\" >2. Soil fertility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#3_Nutrient_cycle\" >3. Nutrient cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#4_Plant_Photosynthesis\" >4. Plant Photosynthesis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#5_Deposition_in_water_bodies\" >5. Deposition in water bodies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#6_Disturbing_ecosystems\" >6. Disturbing ecosystems<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#B_Impacts_of_PM25_on_human_health\" >B. Impacts of PM2.5 on human health<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#1_Penetration_to_the_respiratory_system\" >1. Penetration to the respiratory system<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#2_Increased_Hospitalizations_absenteeism\" >2. Increased Hospitalizations &amp; absenteeism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#3_Malignant_effects\" >3. Malignant effects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#4_Human_cornea_and_conjunctiva\" >4. Human cornea and conjunctiva<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#5_Reduced_antioxidants\" >5. Reduced antioxidants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#6_Increased_ROS_species\" >6. Increased ROS species<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#7_Reduced_metabolic_activities\" >7. Reduced metabolic activities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#8_Other_related_health_effects\" >8. Other related health effects<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#22_Indian_cities_out_of_the_30_most_polluted_cities_in_the_world_are\" >22 Indian cities out of the 30 most polluted cities in the world are<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#STUBBLE_BURNINGS_ADDITION_TO_PARTICULATE_MATTER_CONCENTRATION_IN_DELHI\" >STUBBLE BURNING\u2019S ADDITION TO PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION IN DELHI<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#Emissions_from_burned_stubble\" >Emissions from burned stubble:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/#MEASURES_TO_REDUCE_PARTICULATE_MATTER_25\" >MEASURES TO REDUCE PARTICULATE MATTER 2.5&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_PM25_Particulate_Matter\"><\/span>What is PM2.5 Particulate Matter?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">If we talk about air quality, India has reached an alarming state. Increased PM2.5 impacts air quality, the environment, and human health. The World Health Organization&#8217;s recent report showed that 8.0 million deaths per year are seen due to bad air quality. This represents 6.7% of the global disease burden that might be related to particulate matter. Exposure to ozone recorded 1.52 million premature deaths.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_for_Increased_PM25_Concentration\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Factors for Increased PM2.5 Concentration<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The combination of suspended solid particles and liquid droplets in the air forms particulate matter. It also contains dust and soot. PM2.5 is an ultra-fine inhalable particle having a diameter of 2.5 micrometers, and it can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing respiratory diseases and ailments. It also comprises metals and heavy metal ions (Cadmium, Nickel, Potassium, Copper), organic and inorganic compounds, allergens, many microbial compounds, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Increased air temperature during the winter season and atmospheric inversions in the Northern hemisphere increase PM2.5 concentration in the air. During the summer season, stationary air mass, forest fires, and secondary aerosol formation increase PM2.5 concentration.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In northern India, several factors contribute to increasing particulate matter concentration. Physical, chemical, and meteorological factors affect the concentration of pm in the environment. Physical and chemical factors, inclusive of particle size, number, density, and concentration in the atmosphere, affect the mobility (movement) of particles. Other than this, meteorological factors like wind speed, wind direction, and weather conditions such as rainfall affect the processes of transport and the fate of PM in the environment.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"624\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1.png\" alt=\"size of pm2.5\" class=\"wp-image-23824\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1.png 800w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Size-of-PM-2.5-1-768x599.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In summers, residential energy contributes 62% to PM2.5 concentration and 70% to winters. Research experiments have shown that concentration rises at night. India has reported 60 ug\/m<sup>3<\/sup> and 40 ug\/m<sup>3<\/sup> as 24-hour and annual PM2.5 concentrations, respectively.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_SOURCES_OF_PARTICULATE_MATTER_PM25_IN_THE_ENVIRONMENT\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">SOURCES OF PARTICULATE MATTER PM2.5 IN THE ENVIRONMENT<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The presence and emergence of PM2.5 in the environment are still debatable. Sources are the origin from where this pollutant enters the environment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Natural_Sources\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>1. Natural Sources<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Several natural events, such as rain and runoff, affect the mobility of PM 2.5. Rainwater washes away the pollutant and changes its fate in the environment. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aqi.in\/blog\/forest-fires-rising-temperatures-effects\/\">Forest fires,<\/a> volcanic eruptions, and natural calamities such as earthquakes lead to an increase in Particulate Matter concentration. It has a reduced rate of atmospheric descent, which increases its persistent time in the environment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Industries_and_treatment_plants\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. Industries and treatment plants<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Processes of product production in the Paper pulp industry, oil refineries, brick kilns, power plants, and municipal waste treatment plants release PM 2.5 into the environment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"694\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5.png\" alt=\"sources of pm2.5\" class=\"wp-image-23804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5.png 801w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5-300x260.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/sources-of-pm2.5-768x665.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Emissions\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>3. Emissions<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Emissions from vehicles, coal combustion, burning of leaves and woods, agricultural activities, stubble burning, biomass burning, and biofuel burning lead to increased particulate concentration. Gaseous emissions from power plants react in the atmosphere and form particulate matter.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Household_activities_and_personal_habits\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>4. Household activities and personal habits<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PM 2.5 is also released from tobacco smoking, candle burning, cooking activities like saut\u00e9ing, frying, irregular maintenance of kitchen chimneys, kerosene heaters, gas stoves, fireplace operation, etc. Other than this, construction activities increase the concentration of PM2.5.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IMPACTS_OF_PARTICULATE_MATTER_PM25\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>IMPACTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Impacts_of_PM25_on_the_environment\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;\">A. Impacts of PM2.5 on the environment<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Particulate matter not only impacts human health but also the environment. The environmental impact of PM2.5 is seen as visibility reduction, acid rain, increased air pollution, material damage, ecosystem damage, reduced functioning of plants &amp; trees, contaminated streams &amp; oceans, and decreased crop productivity and yield. Its dispersal is easy due to size and causes it to change its environmental fate.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Haze_production\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">1. Haze production<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">The haze reduces the visibility and increases the chances of road accidents. Particulate Matter leaves a stain affecting the materialistic environment such as buildings, statues, monuments, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Soil_fertility\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">2. Soil fertility<\/span><br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Different chemical composition of particulate matter shows different effects. It also affects soil fertility leading to a reduction in crop yield and agricultural productivity.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Nutrient_cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">3. Nutrient cycle<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Particulate Matter interferes with nutrient cycling affecting the rhizosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-23815 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment.jpg\" alt=\"impact of PM2.5 on environment\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/impacts-of-pm2.5-on-environment-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Plant_Photosynthesis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">4. Plant Photosynthesis<\/span><br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Fine particles, when settled over leaves, block the penetration of sunlight into leaves and disrupt the process of plant photosynthesis. The generation of abrasions and radiative heat affects the photosynthesis of plants due to the layering of PM2.5 over leaves. This reduces photon flux reach towards photosynthetic tissues.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Deposition_in_water_bodies\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\">5. Deposition in water bodies<\/span><br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The settling of toxic PM2.5-containing heavy metals into water bodies, including streams and oceans, affects the marine and aquatic ecosystems. Several aquatic life forms die due to their reduced acidic tolerance. This also impacts humans when they include contaminated aquatic food in their diet. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Disturbing_ecosystems\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"><strong>6. Disturbing ecosystems<\/strong><\/span><br><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Particulate matter also disrupts the food chain and food web in the ecosystem because of their shared dependencies, different toxicity tolerances, and associated effects. Its concentration affecting the ecosystem has direct links to climate change.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Impacts_of_PM25_on_human_health\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">B. Impacts of PM2.5 on human health<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In epidemiological studies, severe health effects are linked with particulate matter having a diameter of 2.5 microns. The effects of particulate matter in the human body depend on its exposure duration and concentration.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The health effects of PM2.5 differ by age group, gender, and race. Studies and research show white people, children, and women are highly susceptible to being affected when exposed to it.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution.png\" alt=\"health impacts of pm2.5\" class=\"wp-image-23740\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution-1024x853.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/health-imapcts-of-pm2.5-pollution-768x640.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Penetration_to_the_respiratory_system\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>1. Penetration to the respiratory system<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Particulate matters have a tendency to carry toxic materials with themselves due to their reduced diameter and increased surface area. The small-sized PM easily escapes from nostrils and penetrates deep down towards the bronchi and alveoli, corroding the alveolar wall in the lungs.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>According to WHO, in 2016, 4.2 million premature deaths were recorded because of PM2.5 exposure. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Increased_Hospitalizations_absenteeism\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. Increased Hospitalizations &amp; absenteeism<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Exposure to PM2.5 increases hospitalizations, visits to the emergency room, and absenteeism from schools and offices, especially in cases with pre-existing disorders, old people, and children. Particulate matter causes pneumonia and bronchitis.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Malignant_effects\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>3. Malignant effects<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Exposure to Particulate Matter 2.5 shows malign effects in early life, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and prenatal disorders. This elevates infant mortality chances.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Human_cornea_and_conjunctiva\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>4. Human cornea and conjunctiva<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Exposure to the high concentration of PM2.5 leads to burning, itching, and redness of the eyes, allergic conjunctivitis. Laboratory studies show it reduces the survival of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells (HCEC) by triggering cell autophagy. It is also responsible for cell shrinkage.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Reduced_antioxidants\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>5. Reduced antioxidants<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Particulate Matter reduces antioxidants in the human body. Hydroxyl ion-induced oxidative stress damages the DNA. Teratogenesis, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis are induced by damaged DNA when it is not repaired in time.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Increased_ROS_species\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>6. Increased ROS species<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreases the antioxidant functioning of cells, leading to lipid peroxidation on the cell membrane and elevating intracellular calcium (Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>) levels. Free radicals from PM2.5 induced free radical production to oxidize lung cells and could be a prime cause of bodily injury caused by free radical peroxidation.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Reduced_metabolic_activities\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>7. Reduced metabolic activities<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PM2.5 triggers overexpression of inflammation-related cytokines, autophagy, and transcription factor genes, causing inflammatory injuries in cells. Particulate matter increases pathogenic adhesion and decreases antimicrobial activity, indigenous microflora, alveolar macrophages, and natural killer cells.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Other_related_health_effects\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>8. Other related health effects<br><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PM 2.5 causes cerebrovascular disorder, <a href=\"\/?p=11064\">mental health,<\/a> sneezing, coughing, irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat, skin allergies, <a href=\"\/?p=3483\">asthma<\/a>, Cardiovascular Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD), suffocation, cardiac arrhythmia, cancer, genotoxicity, cancer, and inflammation. Studies show it can even cause diabetes mellitus, reduced birth weights, and premature deaths. It causes cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases leading to mortality and morbidity increment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_Indian_cities_out_of_the_30_most_polluted_cities_in_the_world_are\"><\/span>22 Indian cities out of the 30 most polluted cities in the world are<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Construction activities, automobile numbers (which increase with an increase in population), industrialization, and urbanization in Asian metropolitan areas contribute largely to PM2.5 pollution.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>According to WHO, 91% of people live in places with an air quality index higher than the prescribed standards. 91% of premature deaths are seen in low and middle-income countries. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>According to a paper published in Lancet Planetary Health by the India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative, 18% of total deaths in India were due to air pollution in 2019. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>The American Cancer Society\u2019s cohort study showed a 15-27% increase in the mortality of lung cancer with a 10ug\/m<sup>3<\/sup> increase in PM2.5 concentration. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>According to a recent 2021 report released by the Swiss Organization, 22 Indian cities hold the rank among the 30 most polluted cities in the world.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2001\" height=\"1251\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india.png\" alt=\"most polluted cities in india\" class=\"wp-image-23769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india.png 2001w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-1024x640.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/most-polluted-cities-in-india-1536x960.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2001px) 100vw, 2001px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Ghaziabad<\/span> ranked <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>second<\/strong> <\/span>with <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>106.6 ug\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/strong><\/span> of average annual Particulate Matter 2.5 concentration after Hotan, China. Other Indian cities securing rankings were Bulandshahr, Bisrakh, Jalalpur, Bhiwadi, Noida, Greater Noida, Kanpur, Lucknow, Delhi, Faridabad, Meerut, Hisar, Jind, Haryana, Agra, Fatehabad, Muzaffarnagar, Muzaffarpur, Gurgaon, Bandhwari, Yamuna Nagar, Rohtak, and Dharuhera. Most of these cities are in the North Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"STUBBLE_BURNINGS_ADDITION_TO_PARTICULATE_MATTER_CONCENTRATION_IN_DELHI\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">STUBBLE BURNING\u2019S ADDITION TO PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION IN DELHI<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The northern region of India falls on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. <strong>Pre-monsoon<\/strong> (April to May) and <strong>post-monsoon<\/strong> (October to November) period is when residents of North India experience heavy air pollution. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In 2020, Nair M. et al reported India as the second-highest aerosol emissions contributor solely because of stubble burning. Stubble burning and its association with transportation emissions have direct and indirect impacts on both human health and climate change. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the year 2019, the value of the Air Quality Index (AQI) in Delhi was recorded at 487. Ghaziabad recorded 493, whereas in Greater Noida it was 480, which has a deadly and hazardous impact on human health.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Stubble burning is the burning of straw stubble from rice and wheat harvest and is hazardous for Delhi and its residents. Stubble burning causes increased particulate matter concentration in atmospheric air which can penetrate deep inside the lungs raising <strong>lung cancer chances by 36%.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">India shares 26.2 % of total global Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY). Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan from Northern India reported the highest DALY. A report from the World Bank showed that biomass burning contributes to 9-28% of PM2.5 in Delhi, 23-29% in Mumbai, 24% in Chandigarh, and 37-70 % in Kolkata. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Particles released from stubble burning are stagnant at 2 km height higher than the stubble region and these particles are dispersed by wind to higher heights at 3000m towards the side of <a href=\"\/?p=3958\">Delhi<\/a>. The stagnation of these particles could be due to reduced wind speed and direction.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Emissions_from_burned_stubble\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Emissions from burned stubble:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">With stubble burning, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), methane (CH4), and PM10 and PM2.5 are released. Every year in India, 342 MT of stubble is generated, out of which 34% and 22% are produced by rice and wheat, respectively. 23.86% of 342 MT is burned immediately after harvest on fields in an open environment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning.jpg\" alt=\"stubble burning\" class=\"wp-image-23738\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning-1024x853.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/stubble-burning-768x640.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) report showed that each year 14 MT out of 22 MT of rice stubble is burned. Haryana and Punjab are responsible for 48% of total rice stubble burning. In 2011, Sahai et al reported that the burning of 63 MT of stubble is responsible for 3.4 MT of CO, 0.1 MT of NOx, 91 MT of CO2, 0.6 MT of CH4, and 1.2 MT of particulate matter released into the air.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">46.5% of the increase in stubble burning was reported by the Economic Times from Punjab and a reduction of 28.6% from Haryana. In 2019, Punjab reported 52,225 active fires from stubble burning which increased by 24.312 fires in 2020 making it 76.537 active fires. This leads to an increase in particulate matter concentration.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MEASURES_TO_REDUCE_PARTICULATE_MATTER_25\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>MEASURES TO REDUCE PARTICULATE MATTER 2.5&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Each and every contribution counts when it comes to reducing pollution. There are some measures that individuals can adopt to reduce PM2.5 pollution.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">If you do smoke, quit smoking because it hikes particulate matter by 2.5 concentrations.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Avoid the continuous burning of wood, candles, and fireplaces.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Do not use vacuum cleaners without HEPA filters.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Avoid using personal transport every time, and planning many trips<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Switch to renewable and clean sources of energy in domestics namely solar and wind energy.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Give use of generators in houses a miss.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Switching off the vehicles when waiting at red lights.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Stop getting unnecessary renovations and constructions at houses.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A major step towards reducing particulate matter is to stop stubble burning. Instead, stubble, when managed duly, can bring in various economic benefits. Stubble produced after crop harvest has the ability to increase soil fertility. Hence, its application will make the soil more fertile. Stubble is a good source of energy and can be applied in power plants. The stubble-based raw material is beneficial in the paper and pulp industry. In biofuel, production stubble is used as biomass. Stubble is easy to convert into compost or biochar.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A study was given by Upadhyay A., et al in 2018 showed that emissions from the transport, industrial, and energy sectors when mitigated completely save 92,380 premature lives. Emissions from residential sectors when mitigated completely can save 378,295 lives. This accounts for 95% of uncertainty intervals.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is PM2.5 Particulate Matter? If we talk about air quality, India has reached an alarming state. Increased PM2.5 impacts&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3415,"featured_media":23818,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,171],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-air-pollution","category-air-quality"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is PM2.5 particulate matter? | SOURCES &amp; IMPACTS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Increased PM2.5 particulate matter impacts the environment and human health. 8.0 million deaths per year are seen due to bad air quality.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pranaair.com\/blog\/particulate-matter-pm-2-5-sources-impacts-measures\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"WHAT IS PM2.5 PARTICULATE MATTER? 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